ABSTRACT

Viral Hepatitis (HBV) is one of the commonest viral infection of liver having a worldwide incidence of significance. Commonly transmitted by parental routes. The viral infection not only effects the liver it involves other organs giving rise to varied clinical presentation. The incidence of carrier state and chronic infection is high. Though many antiviral drugs have been tried safer only three drugs. Interferon -Lamivudine and Adefovir  are effective. The newer drug trials and other modalities of treatment are yet to be established.

INTRODUCTION:-

Antiphospholipid Syndrome (APS , APLS), also known as Antiphospholipid antibody syndrome or ‘Sticky blood Syndrome’or Hughes syndrome is a disorder characterized by elevated level of multiple different antibodies that are associated with arterial and venous thrombosis and  pregnancy related complications. This syndrome occurs due to auto antibodies against phospholipids (aPL), a cell membrane substances. The antibodies are found against cardiolipin (anticardiolipin antibodies) and ?2 glycoprotein I (?2 GP1).

These aPL antibodies were first seen in some patients with positive test for syphilis without infection  out of which few developed SLE(Systemic Lupus Erythematosus ) and other similar conditions. Later lupus anticoagulant was detected in few cases of SLE. A case report in 1956 showed repeated pregnancy loss,thrombophlebitis and lupus anticoagulant. In 1980 the rheumatologist Dr. Graham R. V. Hughes of St. Thomas’ Hospital , London provided the details including the test for anticardiolipin antibodies. Later anticardiolipin antibodies were found  to act against ?2GP1,while lupus anticoagulant was found to act against ?2GP1 and more recently prothrombin.